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'''Batang black pottery''' (巴塘黑陶) refers to the ceramic tradition associated with the Batang region in present-day Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, western Sichuan. The pottery is produced within the cultural sphere of Kham (Khams), one of the major Tibetan cultural regions. The tradition is characterized by hand-built vessel forms, burnishing, unglazed surfaces, and reduction firing that produces a black or dark gray coloration. Batang black pottery reflects a localized ceramic system distinct from high-fired stoneware and porcelain traditions of central and eastern China.

== Cultural and Geographic Context ==
Batang is located along historical routes linking the Tibetan Plateau, Sichuan Basin, and southeastern trade corridors. Ceramic production developed within highland domestic economies, where pottery served cooking, storage, and communal food preparation functions. The craft is traditionally practiced at a household or village scale, with knowledge transmitted through familial and community apprenticeship.

This ceramic tradition is embedded in the broader material culture of Kham, which includes woodworking, metalworking, weaving, and architectural timber construction.

== Materials and Forming Techniques ==
'''Clay:'''  
Clay is locally sourced from riverbank or alluvial deposits. Mineral temper may be added to improve thermal durability and reduce cracking during firing.

'''Forming Methods:'''  
* Coil-building and paddle-and-anvil shaping are standard
* Profile and wall thickness are controlled through repeated shaping and compaction
* Wheel use is minimal or absent; vessel geometry derives from hand-forming

Walls are generally thicker than lowland Han ceramics due to:
* Functional requirements in high-altitude cooking environments
* Controlled thermal retention for hearth-based food preparation

== Surface Treatment ==
'''Burnishing:'''  
Vessels are polished using smooth stones or wood tools to compact surface particles and produce a low reflective sheen.

'''Decoration:'''  
Decoration is restrained and typically geometric, including:
* Incised banding near rims or shoulders
* Repeated stamped patterns
* Rhythmic line sequences establishing surface organization

Decorative structures emphasize continuity and proportional rhythm rather than pictorial imagery.

== Firing Process ==
Batang pottery is fired in:
* Open or semi-enclosed firing pits
* Low- to medium-temperature ranges (typically below ~1100°C)
* '''Reduction atmosphere''', producing blackened surfaces

Surface coloration results from carbon retention within clay bodies during oxygen-limited firing.

== Form Typology ==
Common vessel types include:
* Cooking pots with rounded profiles
* Storage jars of moderate capacity
* Serving bowls with slightly thickened rims
* Water or butter tea vessels accommodating daily domestic use

Forms are governed by stability and durability rather than expressive contouring.

== Social and Cultural Function ==
Batang pottery historically served:
* Domestic cooking and storage roles within household subsistence economies
* Communal food preparation in village contexts
* Everyday vessels in Tibetan butter tea and grain-based food preparation

Ceramic production may be associated with women’s craft roles, though patterns vary by locality.

== Continuity and Recent Practice ==
In some communities, Batang black pottery remains in use, while in others it has been supplanted by metal and mass-produced wares. Contemporary continuations exist in:
* Local household use
* Cultural preservation and community heritage programs
* Demonstration workshops associated with Tibetan craft centers

Where revived, production is framed as the maintenance of regional identity within highland cultural heritage.

== Cultural and Historical Significance ==
Batang black pottery is significant for:
* Representing a highland ceramic tradition distinct from lowland Han ceramic systems
* Demonstrating long-term continuity in hand-forming and reduction-firing techniques
* Providing material evidence of everyday life in Tibetan cultural regions
* Contributing to the documented diversity of ceramic practices across China’s geographic and ethnolinguistic regions

== Related Pages ==
* [[Li pottery]]
* [[Qiongya black pottery]]
* [[Tibetan cultural regions]]
* [[Sichuan]]
* [[Ethnographic crafts of China]]

== References ==
* Cultural Heritage Institute of Sichuan Province. ''Material Cultures of Ganzi Region''.
* Institute of Anthropology, CASS. ''Ethnographic Studies of Kham Communities''.
* Li Zhiyan et al., eds. ''Regional Craft Traditions of Western China''.

[[Category:Ceramics]]
[[Category:Sichuan]]
[[Category:China]]
[[Category:Qin period]]
[[Category:Han period]]
[[Category:Three Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Jin period]]
[[Category:Sui period]]
[[Category:Tang period]]
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