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'''Qiongya black pottery''' (琼崖黑陶) refers to the unglazed, burnished black ceramic tradition associated with the cultural region of Qiongya in present-day Hainan Province. The tradition has origins in Neolithic ceramic production and continued into historical periods with relative continuity in forming techniques, firing practices, and surface treatment. Its technical development reflects localized ceramic adaptation independent of the major northern and southern high-fired kiln systems of the Chinese mainland.

== Archaeological Context ==

Archaeological remains from multiple sites on Hainan show evidence of hand-built ceramic vessels with blackened surfaces, achieved through reduction firing and burnishing. The typological sequence documents continuity from Neolithic assemblages through early historic periods, indicating a persistent regional ceramic identity.

Excavated assemblages include:
* Domestic-use vessels
* Cooking and storage forms
* Ceremonial or burial-associated vessels in some contexts

The distribution of Qiongya pottery correlates with indigenous settlement patterns and material traditions of the Li-speaking cultural groups.

== Materials and Technical Characteristics ==
'''Body: '''  
Locally sourced clays tempered with fine mineral inclusions to increase structural stability during firing.

'''Forming Techniques:'''  
Hand-building predominates:
* Coiling
* Slab and paddle construction
* Limited wheel use in later historical phases

'''Surface Treatment:'''  
Burnishing is applied to compact surface clay layers and produce a low sheen.

'''Firing:'''  
* Conducted in open or partially enclosed kilns
* Reduction atmosphere used to achieve black or dark gray coloration
* Typical firing temperatures below those of high-fired stonewares and porcelains (i.e., below approx. 1100°C)

The absence of glaze is intentional; surface finish is achieved through controlled polishing and oxygen-reducing firing conditions.

== Decorative Methods ==

Decoration is minimal, often limited to:
* Incised linear or geometric patterns
* Stamped repeated motifs
* Occasional raised or modeled elements

Patterns serve organizational rather than pictorial functions, structuring visual rhythm across vessel surfaces.

== Form Typology ==

Characteristic forms include:
* Rounded storage jars
* Globular cooking pots
* Small bowls and cups
* Narrow-necked containers
* Lidded containers in certain contexts

Proportions favor stable base weight and functional wall thickness suited to everyday use.

== Regional and Cultural Significance ==

Qiongya black pottery is significant for:
* Demonstrating an indigenous ceramic tradition distinct from the northern stoneware and southern celadon developments
* Providing material continuity across major dynastic periods despite political and cultural shifts on the Chinese mainland
* Documenting ceramic practices tied to Li and other cultural groups of Hainan, contributing to ethnographic understanding of regional identity

The tradition is examined in museum and archaeological contexts as evidence of **local technological adaptation** rather than participation in state-sponsored or court-centered ceramic networks.

== Related Pages ==
* [[Li pottery]]
* [[Neolithic cultures of China]]
* [[Hainan]]
* [[Material culture of indigenous groups in China]]

== References ==
* Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. ''Archaeological Reports of Hainan Sites''.
* Li Zhiyan et al., eds. ''Regional Ceramic Traditions of Southern China''.
* Allan, Sarah. ''The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China'' (contextual regional materials).

[[Category:Ceramics]]
[[Category:Hainan]]
[[Category:South China]]
[[Category:Qin period]]
[[Category:Han period]]
[[Category:Three Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Jin period]]
[[Category:Sui period]]
[[Category:Tang period]]
[[Category:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Song period]]
[[Category:Yuan period]]
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[[Category:Republic of China]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China]]