Kangxi Blue-and-White

Kangxi Blue-and-White (康熙青花) refers to the blue-and-white porcelain produced during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) of the Qing dynasty. It is notable for its clear, luminous cobalt tones, precise brushwork, and wide variety of decorative themes, reflecting both imperial patronage and commercial production for domestic and export markets. Kangxi Blue-and-White marks a major stylistic revival following the disruptions of the late Ming period.

Historical Background

After the fall of the Ming dynasty, production at Jingdezhen declined until the Qing court re-established and reorganized the imperial kilns. Under the Kangxi Emperor, porcelain workshops were restored, technical standards were revived, and skilled artisans returned to production.

A key feature of Kangxi Blue-and-White is the use of locally refined Chinese cobalt, which produces a bright, clear, and vivid blue. The cobalt is carefully controlled to avoid the mottling seen in Yuan pieces and the soft diffusion characteristic of Xuande wares.

The Kangxi period also saw the growth of a large-scale export industry. Many designs were created specifically for European markets and maritime trade.

Materials and Techniques

Kangxi Blue-and-White typically features:

• A dense, white, smooth porcelain body
• Bright, high-contrast cobalt underglaze painting
• A clear, glossy glaze with a slightly cool tone
• Single high-temperature firing around 1300°C

Brushwork is:

• Fine and detailed
• Controlled and confident
• Suited to both small and large surfaces

The style thrives on clarity, rhythm, and decorative balance.

Characteristic Forms and Motifs

Common vessel types include:

• Bowls and dishes
• Lidded jars and storage vessels
• Vases of many profile forms (meiping, rouleau, gu, pear-shaped)
• Brush pots (笔筒) and desk accessories (文房用具)

Decorative themes are diverse, reflecting both literati and popular imagery:

• Landscapes and scholar’s studio scenes
• Buddhist and Daoist symbols
• Flower scrolls and seasonal plants
• Animals, cranes, deer, fish, and mythical creatures
• Narrative scenes from historical and literary classics

Export markets favored:

• Heraldic armorial designs
• Floral repeat patterns
• Western-shape vessels adapted to European taste

Kiln Site

Kiln / Region	Notes
Jingdezhen (景德镇御窑与民窑)	Both imperial and private kilns produced Kangxi Blue-and-White; imperial kilns set quality standards, private kilns expanded output

The dual structure (court + commercial kilns) is a key feature of this period.

Cultural and Historical Significance

Kangxi Blue-and-White is significant for:

• Revitalizing porcelain production after political upheaval
• Establishing the distinct **Qing dynasty blue-and-white aesthetic**
• Supporting both courtly and commercial ceramic culture
• Serving as a major diplomatic and export commodity
• Influencing European porcelain development (Meissen, Delft)

Collectors value Kangxi Blue-and-White for its **clarity, liveliness, and technical consistency**.

Comparison within the Blue-and-White Lineage

Period	Cobalt Tone	Brushwork	Character
Yuan	Deep, mottled imported cobalt	Bold, expressive	Monumental
Xuande (Ming)	Soft, rich, layered cobalt	Balanced and elegant	Courtly refinement
Chenghua (Ming)	Pale, tender cobalt	Fine, intimate, poetic	Scholar and tea culture
Kangxi (Qing)	Bright, clear, high-contrast cobalt	Precise and decorative	Lively **Qing aesthetic** identity

Related Pages

• Yuan Blue-and-White
• Xuande Blue-and-White
• Chenghua Blue-and-White
• Jingdezhen porcelain
• Blue and white porcelain

References

• Li Zhiyan, ed. Qing Dynasty Porcelain: The Kangxi Period. Chinese Academy of Arts.
• Medley, Margaret. The Chinese Potter.
• Kerr, Rose. Chinese Ceramics.

[{Category:Qing period]]