Classic Longquan
Classic Longquan refers to the mature phase of Longquan celadon production during the Southern Song to Yuan period (12th–14th century), centered in southern Zhejiang Province, particularly around the Dayao and Jincun kiln complexes. These wares are known for their dense stoneware bodies, refined profiles, and distinctive bluish-green glazes valued for their visual resemblance to jade.
Historical Context
The Classic Longquan phase developed as the Longquan kilns refined both clay preparation and firing control. By the Southern Song period, the workshops had optimized kiln atmospheres and glaze composition, producing wares that achieved greater translucency and chromatic depth. The shift of the political center to the south following the fall of the Northern Song also increased elite patronage for Longquan celadon, which became associated with courtly taste and literati aesthetics.
During the Yuan dynasty, Longquan production expanded significantly, supported by demand in both domestic and overseas markets. The standardized forms and glaze qualities characteristic of this phase became widely disseminated through maritime trade.
Materials and Production Techniques
Bodies were made from well-levigated stoneware clays with iron content suitable for producing celadon glazes under reduction. Firing took place in large, multi-chambered dragon kilns on hillsides, allowing steady temperature gradients. The glazes are typically thick and evenly applied, displaying a bluish-green hue with a smooth, glassy finish. Controlled reduction during firing minimized surface blemishes and supported the formation of jade-like visual depth.
Forms and Decorative Characteristics
Common vessel types include:
- Bowls with gently curving walls and flared rims
- Dishes with wide cavetto interiors
- Bottle vases of pear- or meiping-shaped profile
- Ewers, jars, incense burners, and covered boxes
Decoration is generally restrained. When present, it consists of:
- Lightly carved floral or foliate motifs
- Molded lotus or peony patterns
- Subtle incised borders
The glaze often pools in recesses and around foot rings, creating tonal gradation. Finished examples exhibit a harmonious balance between form, surface, and material qualities.
Kiln Sites and Archaeological Evidence
Principal kiln sites associated with Classic Longquan production include:
- Dayao kiln complex
- Jincun kilns
- Xikou and Upper Hecheng kiln regions
Excavations have uncovered kiln furniture, saggers, discarded wasters, and unfired bodies, confirming the standardized techniques and large-scale production characteristic of this phase.
Influence and Legacy
Classic Longquan celadon was exported widely across East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa via maritime trade routes. It influenced local ceramic traditions in Korea, Japan, and various Southeast Asian kiln systems. The aesthetic values of surface purity, controlled glaze flow, and balanced silhouette contributed to the enduring prestige of Longquan celadon in both historical and modern scholarship.
