Export Longquan

Export Longquan refers to Longquan celadon wares produced specifically for distribution through regional and long-distance trade networks during the Southern Song, Yuan, and Ming periods (12th–16th century). These wares circulated widely through maritime routes linking China with Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean basin, and East Africa. Their archaeological presence in shipwreck cargoes and port sites provides key evidence for the scale and structure of premodern trade.

Historical Context

By the 12th century, Longquan kilns were producing celadon at a volume and consistency that supported extensive export. The proximity of production centers in southern Zhejiang to coastal shipping routes via Wenzhou and Quanzhou facilitated large-scale maritime distribution. During the Yuan and early Ming periods, Longquan celadon formed a major component of Chinese trade ceramics, integrated into commercial and diplomatic exchange systems.

The demand for these wares reflected both aesthetic preference for green-glazed stoneware and the role of ceramics as stable, high-value commodities suitable for bulk transport.

Trade Networks and Distribution

Export Longquan circulated through major maritime corridors, including:

South China Sea routes to present-day Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean networks, reaching Sri Lanka, the Coromandel Coast, Bengal, and the Arabian Peninsula.
Red Sea and East African coastal regions, including medieval port sites in Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar.

Archaeological finds at port settlements, palace deposits, monastic centers, and shipwrecks confirm sustained distribution over multiple centuries.

Shipwreck and Cargo Archaeology

Significant shipwreck finds associated with Export Longquan include:

Quanzhou ship (Song/Yuan) – Cargo contained standardized Longquan bowls and dishes.
Intan wreck (Indonesia) – Included Longquan wares among a mixed cargo of Chinese and Southeast Asian ceramics.
Ming-era ships in Southeast Asian waters – Demonstrate continued bulk transport of Longquan forms alongside Jingdezhen blue-and-white.

These sites provide evidence of:

Packing methods using nested vessel stacks
Large-volume shipment of standardized forms
Market specialization by region

Materials and Production Characteristics

Export wares exhibit:

Stoneware bodies similar to domestic Longquan production
Thick celadon glazes, ranging from bluish-green to grey-green
Standardized silhouettes facilitating efficient stacking

Firing followed typical Longquan reduction practices. However, glaze application and finishing may be less refined than high-grade domestic court wares, reflecting the need for volume efficiency rather than elite-level surface quality.

Forms and Functional Context

Common export forms include:

Bowls of various diameters, frequently nested for shipping
Wide-rimmed dishes
Storage jars and ewers
Covered boxes and incense-related vessels

These wares served:

Household and dining functions
Ritual and offering contexts
Prestige exchange across diplomatic and mercantile networks

Regional Adaptation and Local Reception

In Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean world, Export Longquan influenced local taste and ceramic production. Some kiln traditions in Thailand, Vietnam, and Java developed celadon-glaze systems reflecting Longquan models, indicating technology transfer mediated by trade.